Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973–1048 CE), a prominent Iranian scholar, provided extensive information on the geography, culture, astronomy, and sciences of India in his works. He is known as “the father of Indology” because he authored Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al-‘aql aw marḏūlah (“An Inquiry into India”), which is considered the most comprehensive scientific description of ancient India. In this book, he recorded detailed accounts of Indian religion, customs, calendars, and scientific knowledge. Al-Bīrūnī approached India with experimental and critical methods, portraying it free from religious bias, and thus laid the foundations of modern Oriental studies. This title has been attributed to him due to the depth and precision of his research compared to earlier sources.
AlBiruni,Father-OfIndology,History-OfScience,Iran,India
